The Ohio State University - Department of Neurology

Michael K. Racke , MD

Michael K. Racke is a Professor and Chairman of Neurology; The Helen C. Kurtz Chair in Neurology and Professor of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics at the Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio.

Biographical Sketch

Michael K. Racke received his M.D. from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School. He completed his neurology training at Emory University in Atlanta and a neuroimmunology fellowship at the National Institutes of Health. His first faculty position was at Washington University in St. Louis, where he was the recipient of a Harry Weaver Neuroscience Junior Faculty Award from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the Young Investigator in Multiple Sclerosis of the American Academy of Neurology Education and Research Foundation. He then moved to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center where he was Vice Chairman for Neurology Research and also professor in the Center for Immunology. In July, 2006, he assumed the chairmanship of neurology at The Ohio State University School of Medicine. His research focuses on understanding how inflammation gets established in the central nervous system and developing novel therapeutics by studying the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. His research also centers on the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Racke has served on scientific advisory committees for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, National Institutes of Health, and the Hertie Foundation as well as on several editorial boards.

Research

- Support for Dr. Racke as the Principle Investigator

Harry Weaver Neuroscience Scholar of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Junior Faculty Award JF 2078-A-2, 10/94-9/99, $514,578

Teva-Marion Partners Young Investigator Award in Multiple Sclerosis from the American Academy of Neurology Education and Research Foundation, 3/96-2/99, $75,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG 2743A3/2, Susceptibility factors in autoimmune demyelination, 10/96-9/99, $303,511

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG2969-A-4, T cell activation requirement in autoimmune demyelination, 4/1/98-3/31/01, $407,109

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG2969-B-7, T cell activation requirement in autoimmune demyelination, 10/1/2002-9/30/2006, $744,948

National Institutes of Health RO1 NS 37513-01, T cell activation requirement in autoimmune demyelination, 12/1/98-11/30/02, $1,073,744

National Institutes of Health 2 RO1 NS037513-06, T cell activation requirement in autoimmune demyelination, 12/1/2002-11/30/2006, $1,326,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG 3115-A-5, Role of accessory molecules in inflammatory CNS disease, 9/30/99-9/30/02, $328,928

National Institutes of Health RO1 AI47133-01, Mechanism of Copaxone therapy in MS, 9/30/99-9/29/03, $824,752

Yellow Rose Foundation, Effect of Copaxone on T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis, 9/1/99-8/31/01, $150,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Immunologic evaluation of therapeutic strategies in MS, 10/1/01-9/30/05, Approved for funding ($483,852 requested)

Yellow Rose Foundation, Characterization of the Immune Response to MOG in HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR13 Individuals with MS, 1/1/02-12/31/03, $200,000

Viragh Foundation, Characterization of the immune response to MOG in patients with MS, 1/1/02-12/31/03, $100,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG 3427-A-8, PPARa agonists as treatment for autoimmune demyelination, 4/1/03-3/31/06, $418,011

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG 3427-B-10, PPARa agonists as treatment for autoimmune demyelination, 10/1/06-9/30/09, $449,576

National Institutes of Health, K24 NS044250-01, Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis, 4/1/03-3/31/08, $616,451

Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation, Multiple sclerosis and infection: Molecular mechanisms, 4/1/03-3/31/04, $34,000

Pfizer, Inc., Unblinded, non-randomized, cross-sectional, pilot study to examine peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum from MS patients to identify gene expression products that could serve as surrogate markers of MS disease activity, 9/1/2004-12/31/2004, $300,000

National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grant RG 3490-A-9/2, Multiple sclerosis and infection: Molecular mechanisms, 4/1/05-3/31/08, $457,043

- Support for fellows and trainees mentored by Dr. Racke

Lucille P. Markey Special Emphasis Pathway in Human Pathobiology, Amy Lovett-Racke, Ph.D., Evaluation of potentially pathogenic T cells in multiple sclerosis, 7/1/95-6/30/97

Spinal Cord Research Foundation, LaChelle Arredondo, Ph.D., Growth factors in autoimmune demyelination, 1/1/98-12/31/99

National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Asim Diab, M.B., Ph. D., Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in CNS autoimmune demyelination, 7/1/01-present

National Institutes of Health (KO8) Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award, Nitin J. Karandikar, M.D., Ph.D., Characterization of autoimmune T cell responses in MS, 7/1/01-present

Doris Duke Fellowship, Rodney Stuart, CTLA-4 Dimorphism: A possible contributor to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, 7/1/01-6/30/04

Doris Duke Fellowship, Mark Muir, PPARa agonists and their effects on human gene expression, 7/1/2004-6/30/06

- Support for Dr. Racke as co-investigator

National Institutes of Health RO1 NS 42809-01, Thomas Forsthuber, PI, Avidity maturation of T cells in multiple sclerosis, Michael K. Racke, Co-invest. (10% effort), 8/1/2002-7/31/2006.

National Institutes of Health RO1 NS 42860-01, Paul Drew, PI, Immune regulation by PPAR-gamma: Relevance to multiple sclerosis, Michael K. Racke, Co-invest. (5% effort), 12/1/2002-11/30/2006, $300,000 in consortium agreement to UTSW

Clinical Interests

neuroimmunology; multiple sclerosis

Honors

1979 National Science Foundation- Undergraduate Research Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
1981 Graduated with Departmental Honors in Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA
1981 Award for Outstanding Student in Analytical Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA
1981 Honorable Mention All America NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Team
1988-9 Chief Resident in Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
1989 Alpha Omega Alpha- Beta Chapter of Georgia
1989 Awarded Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society
1994 Awarded Harry Weaver Neuroscience Scholarship (Junior Faculty Award) from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society
1996 Awarded Teva-Marion Partners Young Investigator in Multiple Sclerosis Award from the American Academy of Neurology Education and Research Foundation
1998-2003 National Multiple Sclerosis Society Scientific Advisory Committee B
1999 Elected to American Neurological Association
2000-2001 Member of Board of Trustees and Chairman of Clinical Advisory Committee, North Texas Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society
2002 Volunteer Hall of Fame, Lone Star Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society
2004-present MS Cooperative Research Group (MS-CORE) Executive Committee

Publications

a. Peer reviewed manuscripts
1. Racke, M. K., S. Dhib-Jalbut, B. Cannella, P. S. Albert, C. S. Raine, and D. E. McFarlin. 1991. Prevention and treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-beta1. J. Immunol. 146: 3012-3017.
2. McCarron, R. M., M. Racke, M. Spatz, and D. E. McFarlin. 1991. Cerebral vascular endothelial cells are effective targets for in vitro lysis by encephalitogenic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 147: 503-508.
3. Racke, M. K., R. Martin, H. McFarland, and R. B. Fritz. 1992. Copolymer-1 induced inhibition of antigen-specific T cell activation: Interference with antigen presentation. J. Neuroimmunol. 37:75-84.
4. Racke, M. K., B. Cannella, P. Albert, M. Sporn, C. S. Raine, and D. E. McFarlin. 1992. Evidence of endogenous regulatory function of transforming growth factor-beta1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Int. Immunol. 4: 615-620.
5. McCarron, R. M., L. Wang, M. K. Racke, D. E. McFarlin, and M. Spatz. 1993. Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 43:23-30.
6. Racke, M. K., S. Sriram, J. Carlino, B. Cannella, C. S. Raine, and D. E. McFarlin. 1993. Long-term treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-beta2. J. Neuroimmunol. 46:175-184.
7. McCarron, R. M., L. Wang, M. K. Racke, D. E. McFarlin, and M. Spatz. 1993. Effect of cytokines on ICAM expression and T cell adhesion to cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 331:237-242.
8. Critchfield, J. M., M. K. Racke, J. C. Zuniga-Pflucker, B. Cannella, C. S. Raine, J. Goverman, and M. J. Lenardo. 1994. T cell deletion in high antigen dose therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 263:1139-1143.
9. Racke, M. K., L. Quigley, B. Cannella, C. S. Raine, D. E. McFarlin, and D. E. Scott. 1994. Superantigen modulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Activation or anergy determines outcome. J. Immunol. 152: 2051-2059.
10. Racke, M. K., A. Bonomo, D. E. Scott, B. Cannella, A. D. Levine, C. S. Raine, E. M. Shevach, and M. Röcken. 1994. Cytokine-induced immune deviation as a therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. J. Exp. Med. 180: 1961-1966.
11. Racke, M. K., D. Burnett, S.-H. Pak, P. S. Albert, B. Cannella, C. S. Raine, D. E. McFarlin, and D. E. Scott. 1995. Retinoid treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: IL-4 production correlates with improved disease course. J. Immunol. 154:450-458.
12. Perrin, P. J., D. Scott, L. Quigley, P. S. Albert, O. Feder, G. S. Gray, R. Abe, C. H. June, and M. K. Racke. 1995. The role of B7:CD28/CTLA4 in the induction of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 154:1481-1490.
13. Racke, M. K., D. E. Scott, L. Quigley, G. S. Gray, R. Abe, C. H. June, and P. J. Perrin. 1995. Distinct roles for B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) in the initiation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2195-2203.
14. Perrin, P. J., D. Scott, C. H. June, and M. K. Racke. 1995. B7-mediated costimulation can either provoke or prevent clinical manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Immunol. Res. 14:189-199.
15. McFarland, H. I., J. M. Critchfield, M. K. Racke, J. P. Mueller, S. H. Nye, S. A. Boehme, and M. J. Lenardo. 1995. Amelioration of autoimmune reactions by antigen-induced apoptosis of T cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 383: 157-166.
16. Perrin, P. J., D. Scott, T. A. Davis, G. S. Gray, M. J. Doggett, R. Abe, C. H. June, and M. K. Racke. 1996. Opposing effects of CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD80 (B7-1) plus anti-CD86 (B7-2) on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 65: 31-39.
17. Racke, M. K., J. M. Critchfield, L. Quigley, B. Cannella, C.S.Raine, H. F. McFarland, and M. J. Lenardo. 1996. Intravenous antigen administration as a therapy for autoimmune demyelinating disease. Ann. Neurol. 39: 46-56.
18. Perrin, P. J., J. H. Maldonado, T. A. Davis, C. H. June, and M. K. Racke. 1996. CTLA-4 blockade enhances clinical disease and cytokine production during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 157:1333-1336 (Cutting Edge).
19. Röcken, M., M. Racke, and E. M. Shevach. 1996. IL-4-induced immune deviation as antigen-specific therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immunol. Today 17:225-231.
20. Lovett-Racke, A. E., R. Martin, H. F. McFarland, M. K. Racke, and U. Utz. 1997. Longitudinal study of myelin basic protein-specific T-cell receptors during the course of multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 78:162-171.
21. Sommer, N., R. Martin, H. F. McFarland, L. Quigley, B. Cannella, C.S. Raine, D. E. Scott, P.-A. Löschmann, and M. K. Racke. 1997. Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition in chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 79:54-61.
22. Lovett-Racke, A. E., J. L. Trotter, J. Lauber, P. J. Perrin, C. H. June, and M. K. Racke. 1998. Decreased dependence of myelin basic protein-reactive T cells on CD28-mediated costimulation in multiple sclerosis patients: A marker of activated/memory T cells J. Clin. Invest. 101: 725-730 (Rapid Publication).
23. Lovett-Racke, A. E., P. Bittner, A. H. Cross, J. A. Carlino, and M. K. Racke. 1998. Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and IGF-1/IGF Binding Protein-3 complex (IGF-1/IGFBP3) J. Clin. Invest. 101: 1797-1804.
24. Calabresi, P.A., N.S. Fields, H.W. Maloni, A. Hanham, J. Carlino, J. Moore, M.C. Levin, S. Dhib-Jalbut, L.R. Tranquill, H. Austin, H.F. McFarland, and M.K. Racke. 1998. Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 in Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Neurology 51: 289-292.
25. Smith, M. E., N. L. Eller, M. K. Racke, H. F. McFarland, C. S. Raine.1999. Age dependence of clinical and pathological manifestations of autoimmune demyelination: Implications for multiple sclerosis. Am. J. Path. 155: 1147-1161.
26. Cross, A. H., J. A. Lyons, M. San, R. M. Keeling, G. Ku, and M. K. Racke. 1999. T cells are the main cell type expressing B7-1 and B7-2 in the central nervous system during acute, relapsing, and chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 29: 3140-3147.
27. Perrin, P. J., C. H. June, J. H. Maldonaldo, R. Ratts, and M. K. Racke. 1999. Blockade of CD28 during in vitro activation of encephalitogenic T cells or after disease onset ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J. Immunol. 163: 1704-1710.
28. Peters, T.R., D. M. Bodine, K. T. McDonagh, A. E. Lovett-Racke, H. F. McFarland, D.E. McFarlin, A.W. Nienhuis, and M. K. Racke. 2000. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer of the self antigen MBP into the bone marrow of B10.PL mice does not confer resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 103:51-62.
29. Ratts, R. B., L. R. Arredondo, P. Bittner, P. J. Perrin, A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 1999. The role of CTLA-4 in tolerance induction and T cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Intraperitoneal antigen administration. Int. Immunol. 11:1881-1888.
30. Ratts, R. B., L. R. Arredondo, P. Bittner, P. J. Perrin, A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 1999. The role of CTLA-4 in tolerance induction and T cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Intravenous antigen administration. Int. Immunol. 11:1889-1896.
31. Lovett-Racke, A. E., M. E. Smith, L. Arredondo, P. S. Bittner, R. B. Ratts, C. L. Shive, T. G. Forsthuber, and M. K. Racke. 2000. Developmentally regulated gene expression of Th2 cytokines in the brain. Brain Research 870: 27-35.
32. Frohman, E. M., H. Zhang, R. B. Dewey, K. S. Hawker, M. K. Racke, and T. C. Frohman. 2000. Vertigo in multiple sclerosis: Utility of positional and particle repositioning manuevers. Neurology 55: 1566-1568.
33. Frohman, E. M., J. Fleckenstein, M. K. Racke, K. Hawker, and T. C. Frohman. 2001. Ocular contrapulsion in multiple sclerosis: Clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 70: 688-692.
34. Arredondo, L. R., C. Deng, R. B. Ratts, A. E. Lovett-Racke, D. M. Holtzman, and M. K. Racke. 2001. Role of nerve growth factor in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:625-633.
35. Forsthuber, T. G., C. L. Shive, W. Wienhold, K. de Graaf, E. G. Spack, R. Sublett, A. Melms, J. Kort, M. K. Racke, and R. Weissert. 2001. T cell epitopes of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein identified in HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) transgenic mice are encephalitogenic and are presented by human B cells. J. Immunol. 167: 7119-7125.
36. Frohman, E.M., H. Zhang, P.D. Kramer, J. Fleckenstein, K. Hawker, M.K.Racke, and T.C. Frohman. 2001. MRI characteristics of the MLF in MS patients with chronic internuclear ophthalmoparesis. Neurology 57: 762-768.
37. Karandikar, N.J., M. P. Crawford, R. B. Ratts, J. M. Brenchley, D. R. Ambrozak, A. E. Lovett-Racke, E. M. Frohman, P. Stastny, D. C. Douek, R. A. Koup, and M. K. Racke. 2002. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8+ T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 641-649.
38. Deng, C., A. Minguela, R. Z. Hussain, A E. Lovett-Racke, C. Radu, E. S. Ward, and M. K. Racke. 2002. Expression of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 determines T cell activation threshold and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 168: 4511-4518.
39. Diab, A., C. Deng, J. D. Smith, R. Z. Hussain, B. Phanavanh, A. E. Lovett-Racke, P. D. Drew, and M. K. Racke. 2002. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g agonist 15-deoxy-∆12,14-PGJ2 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 168: 2508-2515.
40. Lovett-Racke, A. E. and M. K. Racke. 2002. Retinoic acid alters the phenotype of human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells. Cell. Immunol. 215:54-60.
41. Frohman E.M., T.C. Frohman, P. O’Suilleabhain, H. Zhang, K. Hawker, M. K. Racke, W. Frawley, J. T. Phillips, and P. D. Kramer. 2002. Quantitative oculographic characterization of internuclear ophthalmoparesis in multiple sclerosis: the versional dysconjugacy index Z score. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 73: 51-55.
42. Calabresi, P. A., H. Austin, M. K. Racke, A. Goodman, P. Choyke, H. Maloni, and H. F. McFarland. 2002. Impaired renal function in progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 59: 1799-1801.
43. Deng, C., K. Ghoreshi, O. Viale, R. Z. Hussain, A. E. Lovett-Racke, M. K. Racke, and M. Röcken. 2005. An anti-psoriatic agent induces Th2 responses and abrogates pathogenicity of autoreactive T cells (submitted).
44. Deng, C., C. Radu, A. Diab, M. F. Tsen, R. Hussain, J. S. Cowdery, M. K. Racke, and J. A. Thomas. 2003. IL-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) regulates susceptibility to organ-specific autoimmunity J. Immunol. 170: 2833-2842.
45. Monson, N.L., H.-P. Brezinschek, R. I. Brezinschek, A. Mobley, G. K. Vaughan, E. M. Frohman, M. K. Racke, and P.E. Lipsky. 2005. Receptor revision and atypical mutational characteristics in clonally expanded B cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 158: 170-181.
46. Deng, C., B. Wu, H. Yang, R. Z. Hussain, A. E. Lovett-Racke, P. Christadoss, and M. K. Racke. 2003. Decreased expression of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 reduces T cell activation threshold but not the severity of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis J. Neuroimmunol. 138: 76-82.
47. Diab, A., R. Z. Hussain, A. E. Lovett-Racke, J. A. Chavis, P. D. Drew, and M. K. Racke. 2004. Ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g and the retinoid X receptor exert additive effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J. Neuroimmunol. 148: 116-126.
48. Hawker, K., E. M. Frohman, and M. K. Racke. 2003. Levetiracetam for Phasic Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 60: 1772-1774.
49. Lovett-Racke, A. E., R. Z. Hussain, S. Northrop, J. Choy, A. Rocchini, L. Matthes, J. Chavis, A. Diab, P. D. Drew, and M. K. Racke. 2004. PPARa agonists as therapy for autoimmune disease. J. Immunol. 172: 5790-5798.
50. Crawford, M. P., X. Yan, S. Ortega, R. S. Mehta, R. E. Hewitt, D. A. Price, P. Stastny, D. C. Douek, R. A. Koup, M. K. Racke, and N. J. Karandikar. 2004. High prevalence of autoreactive neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis revealed by novel flow cytometric assay. Blood 103: 4222-4231.
51. Frohman, E. M., K. Brannon, S. Alexander, D. Sims, J. T. Phillips, S. O’Leary, K. Hawker, and M. K. Racke. 2004. Disease modifying agent related skin reactions in multiple sclerosis: prevention, assessment, and management. Multiple Sclerosis 10: 302-307.
52. Frohman, E. M., K. Brannon, M. K. Racke, and K. Hawker. 2004. A prospective, open-label, safety trial of mycophenolate mofetil in MS. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 27: 80-83.
53. Lovett-Racke, A. E., A. E. Rocchini, J. Choy, S. C. Northrop, R. Z. Hussain, R. B. Ratts, D. Sikder, and M. K. Racke. 2004. Silencing T-bet defines a critical role in the differentiation of autoreactive T lymphocytes. Immunity 21: 719-731.
54. Monson, N. L., P. D. Cravens, E. M. Frohman, K. Hawker, and M. K. Racke. 2005. Effect of rituximab on the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid B cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 62: 258-264.
55. Ratts, R. B., A. E. Lovett-Racke, J. Choy, S. C. Northrop, R. Z. Hussain, N. J. Karandikar, and M. K. Racke. 2006. CD28-CD57+ T cells predominate in CD8 responses to glatiramer acetate. J. Neuroimmunol. 178: 117-129.
56. Freedman, M. S., E. J. Thompson, F. Deisenhammer, G. Giovannoni, G. Grimsley, G. Keir, S. Ohman, M. K. Racke, M. Sharief, C. Sindic, F. Sellebjerg, and W. W. Tourtellotte. 2005. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement. Arch. Neurol. 62: 865-870.
57. Xu, J., P. D. Storer, J. A. Chavis, M. K. Racke, and P. D. Drew. 2005. Agonists for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a and the retinoid X receptor inhibit inflammatory responses of microglia. Journal of Neuroscience Research 81: 403-411.
58. Frohman, E. M., M. Filippi, O. Stüve, S. G. Waxman, J. Corboy, J. T. Phillips, C. Lucchinetti, J. Wilken, N. Karandikar, B. Hemmer, N. Monson, J. DeKeyser, H. Hartung, L. Steinman, J.R. Oksenberg, B.A.C. Cree, S. Hauser, and M, K. Racke. 2005. Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: Evidence & new hypotheses for future directions. Arch. Neurol. 62: 1345-1356.
59. Frohman, E. M., O. Stüve, E. Havrdova, J. Corboy, A. Achiron, R. Zivadinov, P. S. Sorenson, J. T. Phillips, B. Weinshenker, K. Hawker, H. Hartung, L. Steinman, S. Zamvil, B.A.C. Cree, S. Hauser, H. Weiner, M. K. Racke, and M Filippi. 2005. Therapeutic considerations for disease progression in MS: Evidence, experience, and future expectations. Arch. Neurol. 62: 1519-1530.
60. Racke, M. K., W. Hu, and A. E. Lovett-Racke. 2005. PTX Cruiser: Driving autoimmunity. Trends Immunol. 26: 289-291.
61. Stüve, O., C. M. Marra, K. R. Jerome, L. Cook, P. D. Cravens, S. Cepok, E. M. Frohman, J. T. Phillips, G. Arendt, B. Hemmer, N. L. Monson, and M. K. Racke. 2006. Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann. Neurol. 59: 743-747.
62. Lambracht-Washington, D., K. C. O’Connor, E. Cameron, A. Jowdry, E. S. Ward, E. Frohman, M. K. Racke, and N. L. Monson. 2007. Antigen specificity of clonally expanded and receptor edited cerebrospinal fluid B cells from patients with relapsing remitting MS. J. Neuroimmunol. 186: 164-176.
63. Tennakoon, D. K., R. S. Mehta, S. B. Ortega, V. Bhoj, M. K. Racke, and N. J. Karandikar. 2006. Therapeutic induction of regulatory, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 176: 7119-7129.
64. Frohman, E. M., M. K. Racke, and C. S. Raine. 2006. Multiple sclerosis: The plaque and its pathogenesis. New Engl. J. Med. 354: 942-955.
65. Hansen, B. S., R. Z. Hussain, A. E. Lovett-Racke, J. A. Thomas, and M. K. Racke. 2006. Multiple Toll-like receptor agonists act as potent adjuvants in the induction of autoimmunity. J. Neuroimmunol. 172: 94-103.
66. Xu, J., J.A. Chavis, M. K. Racke, and P.D. Drew. 2006. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a and retinoid X receptor agonists inhibit inflammatory responses of astrocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 176: 95-105.
67. Biegler, B.W., S. X. Yan, S. B. Ortega, D. K. Tennakoon, M. K. Racke, and N. J. Karandikar. 2006. Glatiramer acetate therapy induces a focused, oligoclonal CD8+ T-cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 180: 159-171.
68. Gocke, A. R., S. C. Northrop, L.-H. Ben, R. Z. Hussain, P. D. Cravens, M. K. Racke, and A. E. Lovett-Racke. 2007. T-bet regulates the fate of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes in autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 178: 1341-1348.
69. Yang, Y., R.B. Ratts, R. Z.Hussain, S. C, Northrop, L.-H. Ben, A. E. Lovett-Racke, M. K. Racke. 2007. CD28:B7 interaction is necessary for the protective effect of T cell vaccination in EAE. Eur. J. Immunol. 37: 2032-2042.
70. Stüve, O., C. M. Marra, A. Bar-Or, M. Niino, P.D. Cravens, S. Cepok, E. M. Frohman, J. T. Phillips, G. Arendt, K. R. Jerome, L. Cook, F. Grand'Maison, B. Hemmer, N. L. Monson, and M. K. Racke. 2006. Altered CD4:CD8 T cell Ratios in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Natalizumab-treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Archives of Neurology 63: 1383-1387.
71. Ratts, R.B., N. J. Karandikar, R. Z. Hussain, J. Choy, S. C. Northrop, A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 2006. Phenotypic characterization of autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 178: 100-110.
72. Stüve, O, C. M. Marra, P. D. Cravens, M. P. Singh, W. Hu, A. Lovett-Racke, N. L. Monson, J. T. Phillips, J. W. Cohen Tervaert, R.A. Nash, H.-P. Hartung, B. C. Kieseier, M. K. Racke, E. M. Frohman, and B. Hemmer. 2007. The potential risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with natalizumab therapy – possible interventions. Arch. Neurol. 64: 169-176.
73. Harp, C., J. Lee, D. Lambracht-Washington, E. Cameron, G. Olsen, E. Frohman, M. Racke, and N.Monson. 2007. Cerebrospinal fluid B cells from multiple sclerosis patients are subject to normal germinal center selection. J. Neuroimmunol. 183: 189-199.
74. Watson, N.F., D. Woo, M.J. Doherty, E.M. Frohman, M.K. Racke, M. De Baets, H.-P. Hartung, B.C. Kieseier, and O. Stüve. 2007. Humoral immune responses after rabies infection. Archives of Neurology (in press).
75. Gagnon, S., K. Yao, N. Akhyani, E. Williams, J. Fotheringham, E. Frohman, O. Stuve, N. Monson, M. K. Racke, and S. Jacobson. 2007. Reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 in natalizumab treated multiple sclerosis patients (submitted).
76. Stüve, O., P. D. Cravens, E. M. Frohman, J. T. Phillips, G. M. Remington, G. von Geldern, S. Cepok, M. P. Singh, J. W. Cohen Tervaert, M. De Baets, D. H. Miller, E. W. Radu, E. M. Cameron, N. L. Monson, R. Kim, B. Hemmer, and M. K. Racke. 2007. Immunological and clinical observations 14 months after the discontinuation of natalizumab (® Tysabri) in patients with multiple sclerosis (submitted).
77. Stüve, O., P.D. Cravens, M. P. Singh, E. M. Frohman, J. T. Phillips, G. Remington, W. Hu, B. Hemmer, M. J. Olek, N. L. Monson, and M. K. Racke. 2007. High incidence of post-lumbar puncture headaches in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: role of intrathecal leukocytes. Arch. Neurol. 64: 1055-1056.
78. Xu, J., M. K. Racke, and P. D. Drew. 2007. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a agonist fenofibrate regulates IL-12 family cytokine expression in the central nervous system: Relevance to multiple sclerosis. J. Neurochem. (in press).

b. Invited publications
1. McCarron, R. M., L. Wang, M. K. Racke, D. E. McFarlin, and M. Spatz. 1992. Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. In: L. R. Drewes and A. L. Betz (eds), Frontiers in Cerebral Vascular Biology: Transport and Its Regulation, Plenum Publishing Corporation.
2. McCarron, R. M., L. Wang, M. K. Racke, and M. Spatz. 1993. Interactions between cerebral vascular endothelial cells and immune T-lymphocytes. In: Felgenhauer, K., Holzgraefe, M., and H. W. Prange (eds): CNS Barriers and Modern CSF Diagnostics. VCH Publishers, Weinheim-New York- Basel- Cambridge -Tokyo, pp. 168-172.
3. Cross, A. H., A. Vincent, and M. K. Racke. 1995. IVth Congress of the International Society of Neuroimmunology (Amsterdam). J. Neuroimmunol. 58:117-120.
4. Racke, M. K. 1996. Progress in multiple sclerosis drug development. Spectrum: Therapy Markets and Emerging Technologies 100:1-16.
5. Brosnan, C. F., M. K. Racke, and K. Selmaj. 1997. An investigational approach to disease therapy in multiple sclerosis. In: C. S. Raine, H. F. McFarland, and W. W. Tourtellotte (eds.): Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and pathogenetic basis. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 325-340.
6. Perrin, P. J. and M. K. Racke. 1997. Targeting B7:CD28 costimulation in the treatment of autoimmune demyelination. Drug News & Perspectives 10: 208-213.
7. Racke, M. K. and A. E. Lovett-Racke. 1998. Bystander suppression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Where and how does it occur? Research in Immunology 149: 820-827.
8. Perrin, P. J., A. Lovett-Racke, S. M. Phillips, and M. K. Racke. 1999. Differential requirements of naive and memory T cells for CD28 costimulation in autoimmune pathogenesis. Histology and Histopathology 14:1269-1276.
9. Racke, M. K., R. B. Ratts, L. Arredondo, P. J. Perrin,and A. Lovett-Racke. 2000. The role of costimulation in autoimmune demyelination. J. Neuroimmunol. 107: 205-215.
10. Racke, M.K. 2001. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Current Protocols in Neuroscience, vol. 2: 9.7.1-9.7.11.
11. Arredondo, L.R., A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 2003. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In: R. M. Herndon (ed.): Multiple Sclerosis and the Demyelinating Diseases: The Basic Sciences. Demos Medical Publishing, Inc., New York pp. 79-103.
12. Frohman, E. M., N. L. Monson, A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 2001. Autonomic regulation of neuroimmunologic responses: Implication for multiple sclerosis J. Clin. Immunol. 21: 61-73.
13. Frohman, E.M., J. T. Phillips, K. Kokel, J. Van Pelt, S. O’Leary, S. Gross, K. Hawker, and M. K. Racke. 2002. Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: Strategies for optimizing management. The Neurologist 8:227-236.
14. Racke, M. K., A. E. Lovett-Racke, N. J. Karandikar, S. B. Wilson, and N. L. Monson. 2002. Myelin-reactive T cells and their regulation in multiple sclerosis. NeuroScience News 4: 31-40.
15. Stuart, R. and M. K. Racke. 2002. Targeting T cell costimulation in autoimmune disease. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 6: 275-289.
16. Racke, M. K., R. B. Ratts, R. W. Stuart, C. Deng, and A. E. Lovett-Racke. 2005. The role of costimulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In: Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., pp.471-490.
17. Lovett-Racke, A. E., and M. K. Racke. 2005. The role of growth factors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In: Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., pp.343-361.
18. Frohman, E. M., D. S. Goodin, P. A. Calbresi, J. R. Corboy, P. K. Coyle, M. Filippi, J. A. Frank, S. L. Galetta, R. I. Grossman, K. Hawker, N. J. Kachuck, M. C. Levin, J. T. Phillips, M. K. Racke, V. M. Rivera, and W. H. Stuart. 2003. The utility of MRI in suspected MS. Neurology 61: 602-611.
19. Kerr, D., Calabresi, P.A. and the Rare Neuroimmunologic Disorders Working Group. 2005. Pathogenesis of Rare Neuroimmunologic Disorders: Symposium Summary. J. Neuroimmunol. 159:3-11.
20. Racke, M.K. (guest editor). 2005. Selected reports from the 2004 annual meeting of the American Neurological Association. The Neurology Fellow 1:3-4.
21. Muir, M. T., A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke. 2005. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting the pathogenic T-cells in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 1:345-355.
22. Lovett-Racke, A.E., P. D. Cravens, A. R. Gocke, M. K. Racke, and O. Stüve. 2005. High hopes for small RNA: Therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA for CNS diseases. Arch. Neurol. 62: 1810-1813.
23. Racke, M. K., A. R.Gocke, M. Muir, A. Diab, P. D. Drew, and A. E. Lovett-Racke. 2006. Nuclear receptors and autoimmune disease: The potential of PPAR agonists to treat multiple sclerosis. J. Nutrition 136: 700-703.
24. Drew, P.D., J. Xu, P.D. Storer, J. A. Chavis, and M. K. Racke. 2006. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist regulation of glial activation: Relevance to CNS inflammatory disorders. Neurochem. Int. 49: 183-189.
25. Racke, M.K., and R. Gold. 2006. Novel and promising therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis. In: C. S. Raine, R. Hohlfeld, and H. F. McFarland (eds.): Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and pathogenetic basis. Chapman & Hall, London, (in press).
26. Frohman, E.M., E. Havrdova, F. Lublin, F. Barkhof, A. Achiron, M. K. Sharief, O. Stuve, M. K. Racke, L. Steinman, H. Weiner, M. Olek, R. Zivadinov, J. Corboy, C. Raine, G. Cutter, J. Richert, and M. Filippi. 2006. Most patients with multiple sclerosis or a clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome should be treated at the time of diagnosis. Arch. Neurol. 63: 614-619.

c. Editorials

Frohman, E. M., S. van den Noort, and M. K. Racke. 2000. To treat, or not to treat: The therapeutic dilemma of idiopathic monosymptomatic demyelinating syndromes. Arch. Neurol. 57:930-932.
Racke, M. K., K. Hawker, and E. M. Frohman. 2001. Multiple sclerosis and magnetic resonance imaging: Advancement in linking the pictures with the progression. Arch. Neurol. 58: 35-36.
Racke, M. K., K. Hawker, and E. M. Frohman. 2004. Fatigue in MS: Is the picture getting simpler or more complex? Arch. Neurol. 61: 176-177.
Stüve, O, M. K. Racke, and B. Hemmer. 2004. Viral pathogens in multiple sclerosis: An intriguing (hi)-story. Arch. Neurol. 61: 1500-1502.
Karandikar, N. J., and M. K. Racke. 2005. Glatiramer acetate: the plot thickens. Arch Neurol. 62: 858-859.
Lovett-Racke, A. E., and M. K. Racke. 2006. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 63:810-811.

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